There are several choices available to you and all have pros and cons to consider. You can choice from Sole Proprietorship, General Partnership, Joint Venture, Limited Partnership, Limited Liability Partnership or LLP, Limited Liability Company or LLC, Corporation, S Corporation, Not-For-Profit Corporation or a Professional Corporation. So what is the right structure for your business?

The first step is understanding what defines each of these business structures. A sole proprietorship is operated by a single person and that person is not considered an employee. It can be set up by an individual with little legal requirements and depending on the business may or may not require business licenses or permits. The owner reports the income or loss on their personal income tax return using a Schedule C.

A General Partnership requires at least two partners and should be defined by a legal partnership contract. Partners, like sole proprietors are not employees. Both personal and the partnership assets may be at risk. No separate income taxes are paid as income flows through the individual partner’s tax returns. Although a separate return (1065) must be filed. As with all business structures, certain permits and/or licenses may be required.

A Limited Partnership contains one or more general partners and one or more limited partners. A limited partner differs from a general partner in that they are only personally responsible up to the amount of capital they contributed to the business. They are also not directly involved in the management of the business.

A Limited Liability Company combines the advantages of a corporation and a partnership but maybe more complicated to set up. It also allows for a choice of how it will be taxed – as a partnership with income flowing through the individual partner’s returns or a corporation. Also non-U.S. citizens, resident aliens and other business entities can participate as partners. An unlimited number of partners are allowed and its owners are not usually held responsible for the entity’s debts.

A Corporation gives the participating owners some protections from the entity’s debts. Only one person needs to be a shareholder. This structure must be set up under the state law by filing documents. The corporation files and pays its own income taxes. Any income the corporation earns that is distributed to the shareholders is called a dividend and the shareholders must pay a tax in addition to what the corporation pay.

A S-Corp provides many of the same protections for its shareholders as a C-Corporation. However the income the S-Corporation earns flows through the individual shareholders returns with the business filing an informational return but not paying any taxes. This is true even if the business does not distribute any funds to the shareholders. The limit for shareholders is 100 individuals who are either U. S. citizens or Resident Aliens. There are no Social Security taxes due on the income flowing from the business to the individual shareholders

A Not-Profit Corporation is just what its name implies. This is a company formed for the express purpose of is to not earn a profit. They may pay employees including the organizers of the business and expense those expenses against funds earned or collected. There are forms and permits required and you should confer with your individual state for their requirements.

Professional Corporations or PLLC’s are created under their state’s legal requirements and provide limited protections for its members against personal responsibility for the business’s debts. All the partners must be licensed to practice the profession the business is set up to provide and all partners are liable for their own malpractice insurance and any possible liabilities incurred from malpractice. This business entity can be set up as a regular corporation or a professional corporation.

The choice you make is dependent on whether you are going alone or choosing to have partners or investors, how much protection you want or need from having your personal assets protected and how the tax requirements effect your personal or your partners own tax situations. This is not a decision to take likely. You can change the format of your business structure in the future, but making a change after you have been in business may require you to meet certain legal and tax requirements.

It’s not as hard as it may seem. And the people at

can guide you in your decision with making the right choice.

March 3

Farmers and Fishermen: File your 2007 income tax return (Form 1040) and pay any tax due

March 5

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb 27-29 if the semiweekly rule applies

March 7

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 1-4 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 10

Employers are required to report to you tips of $20 or more earned during February

March 12

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 5-7 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 14

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 8-11 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 17

Deposit Payroll Tax for February if the monthly deposit rule applies

Corporations - File a 2007 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120 or 1120A)

S Corporations - File a 2007 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120-S) and provide shareholders with a copy of Sch. K-1

S Corporation Election - File Form 2553 to choose to be treated as an S Corporation beginning the calendar year 2008

Electing Large Partnerships: Provide each partner with a copy of Sch K-1

March 19

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 12-14 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 21

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 15-18 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 26

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 19-21 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 28

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Mar 22-25 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

March 31

Electronic filing of Forms W-2, W-2G, 1098, 1099 and 8027

File Form 730 and pay the tax on wagers accepted during February

File Form 2290 and the tax for vehicles first used in February

This listing represents the most common filing and deposit requirements for small businesses, but is not intended to cover every tax and tax filing due for every business or individual. Should you have any questions regarding your individual situation, please consult with your accountant, your tax preparer or the Internal Revenue Service.

You may also have state and/or local returns and deposits due doing the month of March depending on the location of your business. Check with your local and state government agencies for more information.

February 1

Deposit Payroll Taxes for payments on Jan 26-29 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

February 6

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Jan 30-Feb 1 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

February 8

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb 2-5 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

February 11

Employers are required to report to you tips of $20 or more earned during January

File Forms 940, 941, 943, 944 and/or 945 if you timely deposited all required payments

February 13

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb 6-8 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

February 15

Secure a new Form W-4 from employees claiming “exempt” during 2007

Deposit Payroll Tax for January if the monthly deposit rule applies

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb 9-12 if the semiweekly rule applies

Begin withholding income tax from employees who claimed exemption from withholding in 2007 but did not submit a new Form W-4 on Saturday February 16th

February 21

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb 13-15 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

February 22

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on 16-19 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

February 27

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb 20-22 if the semiweekly rule applies

February 28

File information returns (Forms 1098, 1099 and W-2G) for certain payments made during 2007

February 29

File Form W-3 “Transmittal of Wage and Tax Statements” along with Copy A of all Forms W-2 you issued in 2007

File Form 730 and pay the tax on wagers accepted during January

File Form 2290 and the tax for vehicles first used in January

File Form 8027 if you are a large food or beverage establishment

Deposit Payroll Tax for payments on Feb. 23-26 if the semiweekly deposit rule applies

This listing represents the most common filing and deposit requirements for small businesses, but is not intended to cover every tax and tax filing due for every business or individual. Should you have any questions regarding your individual situation, please consult with your accountant, your tax preparer or the Internal Revenue Service.

You may also have state and/or local returns and deposits due doing the month of February depending on the location of your business. Check with your local and state government agencies for more information.

 January 1

Stop payment of the earned income credit for any employee who has not submitted a Form W-5 for 2008

January 4

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 1st payroll are due to be deposited

January 9

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 2-4 payroll are due to be deposited

January 10th

Filing by an employee that received $20 or more in tips during December to their employer using Form 4070 Employee’s Report of Tips to Employer is due

Communications and air transportation taxes under the alternative method are to be deposited for amounts billed or tickets sold during the first 15 days of December

January 11

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 5 - 8 payroll are due to be deposited

January 14

Regular method taxes for communications and air transportation are due for the period covering the last 16 days of December are due

January 15

Filing of Estimated Taxes for 2007 is due

If you are a monthly depositor of payroll taxes your payroll tax liability for December is due

Nonpayroll withholdings are due for December payments

January 16

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 9-11 payroll are due

January 18

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 12-15 payroll are due

January 24

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 19 - 22 payroll are due

January 25

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 19 - 22 are due

Communications and air transportation taxes under the alternative method are due to be deposited for amounts billed or tickets sold during the last 16 days of December

January 29

Regular method taxes for communications and air transportation taxes are due for deposit for the period covering the first 15 days of January 2008

January 30th

Under the Semiweekly rule payroll taxes for January 23-25 payroll are due

January 31

Filing of Individual Income Tax Return if you did not file and pay all Federal income tax by January 15th to avoid penalty for not paying estimated income taxes

W2’s are due to employees.  If an employee has agreed to receive their W2 electronically have it posted on a web site and notify the employee of the posting

Payers of gambling winnings report winnings or withheld income tax from winnings and give the winners their copies of Form W2-G

File Form 941 for the fourth quarter of 2007 and deposit any undeposited tax.  If the tax liability is under $2500 you may pay it in full with a timely filed return.  If you deposit the tax for the quarter in full and on time you have until February 11 to file the return

Certain small employers will Form 944 to report social security, Medicare and federal income taxes withheld in 2007.  If your tax liability is $2500 or more for 2007 but less than $2500 for the fourth quarter, deposit any undeposited tax or pay it in full with a timely filed return.

Farm employers file Form 943 to report social security, Medicare and withheld income taxes for 2007.  If your tax liability is less than $2500 you can pay with a timely filed return.  If you deposited the tax for the year in full and on time you have until February 11 to file the return

1099’s are due to recipients of non-employee income, interest, rent, dividends, real estate transactions, royalties, amounts paid in broker and barter exchange transactions, payments to attorneys, payments of Indian gaming profits to tribal members, profit-sharing distributions, retirement plan distributions, original issue discounts, prizes and awards, medical and health care payments, debt cancellations, and cash payments over $10,000.  Choose the appropriate 1099 form based on the type of payment

File Form 720 (Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return) for the fourth quarter of 2007

File Form 730 and pay taxes on wagers accepted during December of 2007

File Form 2290 and pay the use tax for heavy highway vehicles first used in December 2007

This listing represents the most common filing and deposit requirements but is not intended to cover every tax and tax filing due for every business or individual.  Should you have any questions regarding your individual situation, please consult with your accountant, your tax preparer or the Internal Revenue Service. 

You may also have state and/or local returns and deposits due doing the month of January depending on the location of your business.  Check with your local and state government agencies for more information. 

 Are you confused by all the acronyms used for payroll?  Here a few of the most common and what they stand for.

• EIN- Employer Identification Number which is issued by the IRS upon request.  This should be issued for every company, but is mandatory for any company with employees.

• SSN- Employee’s Social Security Number which is issued to any employee who is legally eligible to work in the United States.

• W4- The form filled out by a new employee showing the employee’s name, address, social security number and the marital status of the employee as well as the number of dependents he/she wishes to have their FIT based on. This form is kept on file by the company.

• W2- The form an employer issues to every employee at the end of each calendar year or if the employee leaves during the current year at the end of their employment.  This form shows the company’s name, address and EIN number as well as the employee’s name, address and SSN.  It also lists the wages earned that are subject to FIT, FICA and state withholding and the amounts withheld.  This form may also include such items as deferred deductions such as employee contributions to pension or retirement plans and employee health benefits withholdings as well as other withholding or income items that affect the employee’s taxable wages.  This form consists of several copies, one for the Social Security Administration, one for your state, employee copies for Federal, state and if appropriate local government filings and copies to be kept by the issuing company and the employee.

• FIT– Federal Income Tax.  This refers to the Federal Income Tax withheld from an employee’s paycheck. This tax is based on rates set by the IRS and is affected by an employee’s marital status and number of dependents.

• FICA– Federal Insurance Contributions Act which includes Social Security and Medicare tax withholdings from an employee’s paycheck.  The Social Security portion is applied to 100% of an employee’s wages, however the Medicare portion is applied only to the amount of wages set and changed yearly by the IRS.  The employer is required to match the total amount of FICA taxes withheld from each employee.

• SIT– State Income Tax which refers to your state income tax withholding from an employee’s paycheck.  These withholdings are based on rates set by each individual state.  Some states do not have income taxes for individuals.

• SUTA- State Unemployment Tax Act.  This is a tax that the employer pays and is based on your state’s rate per a stated amount of wages per employee.

• FUTA- Federal Unemployment Tax Act.  This is an employer paid tax that is based on a stated wage per employee and the rate may be adjusted based on the amount contributed to your state fund.

• 941- A Federal form filed quarterly to report wages paid, FIT and FICA wages withheld as well as the employer’s contributions to FICA, and the dollar amount of deposits made and the dates these deposits were made.

• 940- A Federal form filed yearly to report wages paid, amount and date of state SUTA contributions made and any FUTA deposits made during the calendar year.

Please refer to the IRS and your state’s web sites or publications for Federal, state and local rules and regulations to determine the current rates in effect, when and how to make your deposits and what reports are required and their due dates.

At the end of an accounting period entries are often needed to reflect a more accurate picture for that month or year.  However some of these entries are made on assumptions.  These entries are often made to reflect revenue and expense matching. 

One example of this is in the construction business.  A construction company may determine that a project is completed up through a particular phase.  The foundation and rough framing is done for example.  There are costs that have been expensed on their books but maybe revenue has not been billed as of yet.  And so in order to match income with expense this company would determine what percentage of revenue should be recognized in the current period based on what expenses were incurred and how much work was actually completed.  Once this determination was made, an entry crediting the income and debiting a Work In Process asset account would be made.  However, remember this was an estimate not an actuality.  Once the job was completed the estimated income figure may be higher or lower.  And so a reversing entry would be made on the first day of the following accounting period to negate this adjusting entry. 

At the end of the second accounting period another analysis of cost vs revenue would be made and the adjusting entry to WIP would be made with the new determination and reversed in the following period.

Construction is not the only type of industry that uses WIP (Work In Process), manufacturing and any company that maintains inventory are other examples.

Whenever you have receipts or payments taking place in future accounting periods that need to be recognized in the current period you will use this technique of booking an adjusting entry in the current period and reversing that entry on the first day of the following period. 

Are you looking for a free (yes I said free) or inexpensive way to handle your company’s financial needs?  QuickBooks Simple Start 2008 comes in two editions, the free edition (free QuickBooks!) and one that costs under a hundred dollars.    This is one rare case of inexpensive being a great deal.

 Let me tell you what you can do with these two programs so you can decide for yourself whether they are the solution you have been looking for. 

First the free version – based on the same user friendly format that all QuickBooks programs have, Simple Start’s free edition is the solution for start-up or small businesses that need just the basics.  But don’t be fooled into thinking you will not get what you need to organize your business finances.  As reliable as all QuickBooks programs are, Simple Start Free Edition is just what it says – a simple start.   As you enter your everyday transactions you will be tracking your income and expenses preparing you for tax time.  No more last minute rush to organize all those receipts into some kind of sense for your tax preparer.  You will be able to see the money coming in and going out, where it comes from and who it goes to all in one easy to access place.  This is not a trial version with an expiration date but can be used for as long as you desire and easily upgradeable to another QuickBooks edition as your company grows with a seamless transfer of data.  It is very simple to get started, just answer three quick questions and you are on your way.  And QuickBooks provides you with step by step tutorials to walk you through all your tasks such as preparing invoicesand recording expenses.  And if you have the need you can export your data to an Excel (Excel 2000, 2002, 2003 or 2007) spreadsheet for more advance analysis.   Fourteen reports are available to help you understand where your business is at and how it can grow.  Reports such as Total Sales By Customer, Invoices That Haven’t Been Paid, Income Tax Summary, Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet reports and more are great tools for the business owner.   Customize estimates and invoices for a more professional look.  Have you ever sent out an invoice with a math error?  How embarrassing and expensive if you can’t go back and correct the error.  This won’t happen again if you are using QuickBooks Simple Start.   So how can you go wrong, it’s free after all.  Download for free, or have it shipped for a small shipping and handling charge. 

So what’s the difference between Simple Start (the free edition) and Simple Start Plus Pack ($99.95)?   Simple Start Plus Pack is the free edition plus it includes 250 standard or voucher checks for you to use to pay your vendors, a one-year, 1GB QuickBooks Online Backup service starting with your product activation which must be completed by January 31 2009 to receive full year of service, and A Learning Accounting Essentials training CD.  Your checks are not included in your package but must be ordered within three months following product registration. 

You should know that Simple Start is for first time QuickBooks users and will not import data from other QuickBooks editions or Quicken or Peachtree.   Inventory tracking, purchase orders and automatically downloading of credit card and bank transactions are not available features in the Simple Start programs.  And you will not be able to automatically populate and print 1099/1096 tax forms. Should you require these features consider the QuickBooks Pro or Premier Editions

Follow the QuickBooks links at the top right section of your screen to check out Simple Start for yourself and get a discount on Simple Start Plus.  Once at the QuickBooks site, click on Learn More under the QuickBooks for Windows section and you are on your way to organizing and understanding the in’s and out’s of your business.

Does anyone out there know how many items are in two dozen? This should be a question that any second grader could answer easily. The reason I am asking is that once again I have been amazed at the lack of common everyday knowledge that our young people are suffering from.

I visited a Dunkin Donut shop today and asked for two dozen Munchkins, my dog’s favorite treat. I really didn’t expect to stump the young woman behind the counter but that is exactly what happened. It seems that Dunkin Donuts sells their Munchkins in a quantity that exceeds two dozen; twenty five of these tasty treats is the standard package. So the phase “two dozen” just sent this lady into a quandary of confusion. Thankfully there was an older woman employee handy to rescue her as I when I jokingly said twenty four to her question – jokingly said as I was under the mistaken impression she was looking for price information not a definition of numbers – she repeated the question to her co-worker once again. I wonder what would have happen if I asked for three dozen. Total pandemonium for sure.

It a sad situation when our youngsters are not given the basics of math before sending them off into the world. No matter what we do in life we need math skills. I am not talking about algebra or advance calculus, but simple everyday measurements. A dozen equals twelve, so two dozen equals twenty-four, a cup is eight ounces, two cups equal a pint, two pints equal a quart and four quarts equal a gallon. Certainly every young child knows this – or maybe not as it seems not every young adult has acquired this knowledge.

This is a call to teachers and parents alike, unless you want to be spending your time and hard earned money supporting these kids you need to take their education seriously. No skills equals no job which increases the risk that these young people will fill their lives with emptiness and trouble. One cannot even prepare a meal without this knowledge - oh I forgot we are all eating at fast food restaurants so no one cooks. As our waist lines increase does our ability to learn and retain decrease? Surely not a direct correlation, but even the simple task of feeding ourselves has become something someone else does and therefore the required information is lost to the everyday person. A small amount of time invested now in a child’s education will result in a great return for the future. Get out those pots and pans and teach your kids how to measure!

Does Dunkin Donuts need to be testing their applicants to determine if they actually know the definition of a dozen? How silly is that?

This program intrigued me because of its inexpensive cost. However the old adage “you get what you pay for” certainly applies here. For those of you looking for the very basics Bookkeeper 2007 by Avanquest might seem the answer, but I found it difficult to nagivate. For those of you who do not have a strong understanding of bookkeeping basics you will find yourself frustrated. And if you are looking for help, well you will have to accept an ActiveX script everytime you use the help function unless you wish to adjust your browser security settings.

Some of the windows within the program close using the standard Window’s X, others by clicking on a cancel button, and others only by selecting another option in the side window or menu bar. Sometimes you are sitting there wondering what to do next.

You can add five additional fields to the vendor, employee and customer forms but you cannot add a vendor, employee, customer, account or list item on the fly. Bookkeeper 2007 allows you to set up a default email form, but I can’t figure out how to actual send an email as it is a multi step process and once you figure that out it doesn’t seem to work with Outlook.

Reports are limited and the ability to customize them even more limited. Filters are limited to date parameters and formatting is limited to font choices and in some cases positions of header and footer information. You can export to other programs however when exporting a payroll report to Excel the information did not come across smoothly and would require a great deal of formating in Excel. There does not seem to be a Microsoft Word export unless you are relying on a straight text file which once again does not come across into Microsoft Word without having to do some extensive formatting but there are options for Microsoft Works file formats which I did not test. However saving a report in a pdf format does seems to work well.

Live technical support will cost you $24.95 for the first 10 minutes and $2.95 for each additional minute per call. The basic cost of the program is $29.95, however if you are running payroll you will need to add an additional $10 to obtain the tax tables needed.

All and all, what could have been an good beginning product is made unuseable, in my opinion, by not providing what the beginner needs - a program that is easy to navigate and helps you do the basics easily. My criteria for a program is that I get it right off the bat. I have been using accounting/bookkeeping programs since the mid-seventies and there are very few I haven’t tried. I have to ask the question if I am struggling with this program, how can the average user ever be able to use this program.

Now I have to be honest, I am a QuickBooks ProAdvisor and as such encourage my clients to use QuickBooks products but it was with a open mind that I tried this product. It is inexpensive and while it’s clunky it will do some of the basics if you work at it. I strongly recommend downloading the trial version before you buy if you are still interested.

At the end of each fiscal year there may be adjustments you need to consider. These might include accruing or deferring a revenue or expense, reclassification of revenue or expenses, and inventory adjustments to match book balances to actual physical counts and values. Year end adjustments are changes made to accounts in order that your financial statements are properly stated.